Pneumonitis

The condition is particularly common among young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems. Its severity and risk of complications depend on the cause of infection, the patient’s age, and their overall health.

Some cases can become severe and life-threatening. People in high-risk groups should therefore discuss recommended vaccinations with their doctor.

How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?

The doctor will ask about symptoms, particularly:

๐ Cough with phlegm

๐ Fever

๐ Rapid or difficult breathing

๐ Chest pain

A physical examination may include listening to the lungs for abnormal breathing sounds. A chest X-ray may also be performed to look for inflammation or infection in the lungs.

Additional laboratory tests may include:

๐ Complete blood count: To look for signs of infection, including an increased white blood cell count

๐ Blood oxygen measurement: To assess how effectively the lungs transfer oxygen into the bloodstream

๐ Sputum testing and culture: To identify the microorganism causing the infection

๐ Blood culture: To determine whether the infection has entered the bloodstream

Who Is at Higher Risk?

Pneumonia can affect people of all ages, but infectious pneumonia is more common or more serious among:

๐ Children younger than two years old

๐ Adults aged 65 years and above

๐ Patients admitted to hospital, particularly those in an intensive care unit

๐ People with chronic diseases such as diabetes, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or heart disease

๐ People with weakened immune systems

This includes:

๐ People living with HIV

๐ Organ or bone marrow transplant recipients

๐ Cancer patients receiving chemotherapy

๐ People taking immunosuppressive medicines for extended periods

๐ People who smoke

How Does Pneumonia Develop or Spread?

Depending on the cause, pneumonia may occur through:

๐ Inhaling respiratory droplets released when an infected person coughs or sneezes

๐ Close contact with respiratory secretions

๐ Aspiration of saliva, food, vomit, or digestive secretions into the lungs

๐ The spread of infection through the bloodstream

๐ The spread of infection from nearby organs or tissues

๐ Contaminated medical equipment or procedures in healthcare settings

Not every type of pneumonia spreads directly from person to person. The method of transmission depends on the microorganism involved.

Symptoms of Pneumonia

Common symptoms include:

๐ High fever

๐ Feeling hot or flushed

๐ Sweating and chills

๐ Cough with phlegm

๐ Chest pain, particularly when breathing or coughing

๐ Rapid breathing

๐ Shortness of breath

๐ Difficulty breathing

๐ Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhoea

๐ Fatigue

๐ Muscle and joint pain

Symptoms in Older Adults

Older adults may experience:

๐ Drowsiness

๐ Confusion

๐ Reduced alertness

๐ Weakness

๐ Little or no fever

Symptoms in Infants and Young Children

Infants and young children may experience:

๐ Abdominal pain or bloating

๐ Vomiting

๐ Unusual drowsiness

๐ Refusal to breastfeed, eat, or drink

๐ Rapid or laboured breathing

๐ Fever-related seizures in some cases

Treatment for Pneumonia

Treatment focuses on controlling the infection, relieving symptoms, and preventing complications.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are used when pneumonia is caused by bacteria.

Patients should take antibiotics exactly as prescribed and complete the full course. Unnecessary or inappropriate antibiotic use can contribute to antimicrobial resistance, including resistance in bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Antibiotics do not treat viral pneumonia unless a secondary bacterial infection is also present.

Supportive Treatment

For viral pneumonia and other causes, treatment may focus on relieving symptoms and supporting breathing.

Treatment may include:

๐ Fever-reducing medication

๐ Bronchodilators when appropriate

๐ Medicines that help loosen phlegm

๐ Adequate fluid intake

๐ Intravenous fluids in severe cases

๐ Supplemental oxygen

๐ Chest physiotherapy in selected patients

Patients with severe symptoms may need hospital treatment and close monitoring.

Possible Complications

Pneumonia may lead to serious complications, particularly among high-risk patients.

Possible complications include:

๐ Bacteria spreading from the lungs into the bloodstream

๐ Infection of other organs

๐ Sepsis

๐ Lung abscess

๐ Fluid accumulation around the lungs

๐ Infected fluid in the pleural cavity

๐ Respiratory failure

How to Reduce the Risk of Pneumonia

Avoid Smoking

Smoking damages the lungs’ natural defence mechanisms and makes respiratory infections more likely.

Maintain Good Hygiene

๐ Wash your hands regularly with soap and water.

๐ Use alcohol-based hand sanitiser when appropriate.

๐ Avoid close contact with people who have respiratory infections.

๐ Avoid crowded or poorly ventilated places during outbreaks.

Avoid Respiratory Irritants

Reduce exposure to:

๐ Cigarette smoke

๐ Fire and cooking smoke

๐ Vehicle exhaust fumes

๐ Dust and air pollution

๐ Extremely cold air when it triggers respiratory symptoms

Seek Care for Respiratory Infections

Do not ignore worsening symptoms from a cold or influenza, particularly when accompanied by:

๐ Persistent high fever

๐ Shortness of breath

๐ Chest pain

๐ Severe weakness

๐ Symptoms that continue to worsen

Support Immune Health

๐ Get adequate sleep.

๐ Eat a balanced and nutritious diet.

๐ Exercise regularly according to your physical condition.

๐ Manage chronic medical conditions carefully.

Avoid Excessive Alcohol Consumption

Heavy alcohol consumption may reduce alertness and increase the risk of aspirating saliva, vomit, or food into the lungs.

Who Should Consider Pneumococcal Vaccination?

Pneumococcal vaccines help protect against diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the important bacterial causes of pneumonia.

Vaccination may be recommended for:

๐ Adults aged 65 years and above

๐ People aged 2-65 years with weakened immune systems

๐ People taking corticosteroids, immunosuppressive medicines, or certain cancer treatments

๐ People receiving radiotherapy

๐ People with kidney failure or cancer

๐ People without a functioning spleen

๐ Organ or bone marrow transplant recipients

๐ People living with HIV

๐ People with chronic lung disease

๐ People with chronic heart disease

๐ People with diabetes

๐ People with cirrhosis or chronic alcohol-related health problems

๐ People with cerebrospinal fluid leakage

๐ Cochlear implant recipients

๐ Adults aged 19-64 years who smoke

๐ Adults aged 19-64 years with asthma

Vaccination cannot prevent every cause of pneumonia, but it may reduce the risk and severity of pneumococcal infection.

When to Seek Immediate Medical Attention

Seek urgent medical care when pneumonia symptoms are accompanied by:

๐ Severe difficulty breathing

๐ Blue lips or fingertips

๐ Chest pain

๐ Confusion or reduced consciousness

๐ Very rapid breathing

๐ Low blood oxygen levels

๐ Persistent high fever

๐ Inability to eat or drink

๐ Rapid deterioration

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can reduce the risk of severe complications and improve the chance of recovery.

 

Reference :

Bangkok Hospital Phuket Pneumonitis

ArokaGO Providers Bangkok Hospital Phuket